Лингвистика

e system and now they are quite popular and have spread well beyond group membership boundaries. They are now used in the daily speech of almost all social groups. They are also employed in official correspondence, in which case the formula is:
bæradær or xahær (professional title) last name official title. For example, bæradær (dokor) Fazel, rjasæt-e mohtæræm-e daneʃgah Brother (Dr. ) Fazel, Honorable Chancellor of the University. The use of these two terms with titles will be discussed in further details in the following section.
The popular use of bæradær and xahær in post-revolutionary Iran is similar to that of comrade in Russia and China after the sociopolitical changes in those countries. However, there is a major difference between the two, namely bæradær and xahær have both religious and


revolutionary connotations, whereas comrade lacks any religious significance, owing to the communist ideology. For an account on sociolinguistic changes in China, see Fincher (1973); Fang and Heng (1983); and Scotton and Zhu (1983); and for a comprehensive study of the linguistic aftermath of the revolution in Russia, see Comrie and Stone (1978).
The terms bæradær and xahær are taken as neutral forms of address, particularly when they are used to address strangers, where the name of the addressee is not known to the speaker. Thus, the semantics of bæradær and xahær emphasizes solidarity and not necessarily intimacy. These reciprocal forms are not only used between dyads of the same age and rank, but also between superiors and inferiors to the extent that a layman may address or refer to the prime minister or even the president of the country as bæradær. These two forms can be used in both formal and informal situations.
It must be noted