Лингвистика

d discussion on this, see Beeman, 1986).
It needs to be mentioned that the use of the above self-lowering forms in normal communication between ordinary people is different from that of terms used before the revolution in communicating with the members of the royal family. In the latter case, the use of these terms was often felt to be compulsory and in some cases flattery, whereas their normal use is optional and simply shows politeness and humility on the part of the speaker.
It must be emphasized that in situations where the participants have an intimate relationship and/or are equal in social status and age, the pronoun mæn I is used instead of the aforementioned honorific terms. In other words, mæn is neutral with respect to power relationship and is used in the speech and informal writing of different social groups.
The plural of mæn is ma, which is used in daily speech and informal writing. There is no age, gender, or social class distinction in the use of ma. Unlike mæn, ma does not have noun phrase substitutes. However, before the Islamic Revolution the polite forms bænde and ʤan-nesar were pluralized (bændægan slaves and ʤan-nesararan the devoted, respectively) in collective oral and written requests to the Royalty and high-ranking officials. In this case, the plural pronoun ma we was used before bændægan and ʤan-nesaran. This is the only case where a pronoun can occur with an honorific term. Other honorifics do not allow such cooccurrence.
Finally, it must be added that the use of the so-called royal first person personal plural ma by the monarch before the revolution has lost its sociosemantic context since the former Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979.
Forms for addressing a singular addressee
As was the case with self-referen