Лингвистика

It should be noted, however, that in the presence of people outside the family circle there is a general tendency to address children, particularly after the age of puberty, by the polite form ʃoma.

3. Elder siblings also make use of the nonreciprocal to when talking to their younger brothers and sisters.

4. One of the interesting uses of to is in ones soliloquizing address to oneself, and also in ones prayers to God in solitude.

5. And finally, when one wishes to show disrespect or anger to another person, regardless of his rank or age, to is deliberately used in an insulting manner.
In situations other these, the polite singular pronoun ʃoma is used instead of the familiar to.
The pronoun ʃoma can be used reciprocally, and it expresses more respect and distance than to. In other words, the reciprocal use of to is normally associated with relative intimacy, whereas the reciprocal use of ʃoma is associated with relative distance and formality. ʃoma is frequently heard in the speech of different social groups in their daily interactions. It is used
between acquaintances, colleagues of equal rank, spouses in the presence of others, and strangers.
The upward use of ʃoma is heard in the speech of children to their parents and elder brothers and sisters.
It should be noted that the new terms bæradær and xahær can cooccer with ʃoma in a reciprocal way.
To illustrate the above range of terms of address in Persian with reference to the addressee, different ways of expressing the English sentence Are you coming? are listed below with examples of situations in which they may occur.
Are you coming? (yousingular addressee)
1. to - maiai-ø
you familiar - coming
(between intimate friends)
2.