Лингвистика

n the Iranian culture. Thus, when people talk to a superior in


terms of age, status, and reverence they may use one of the following self-lowering forms when referring to self. Interestingly enough, even superiors sometimes refer to themselves by these polite forms in order to show their modesty. Therefore, in the politeness system of Persian, power and status can be overruled by humility. The most common honorific terms used for self-reference are:
bænde slave, servant
hæqir humble
moxles sincere
ʧaker devoted servant
These terms are not used by females; however, bænde has a feminine counterpart, kæniz female slave, which is mainly used by elderly women in rural and working-class communities. The use of these terms by children usually evokes ridicule. Thus, there are sex and age restrictions in the use of such terms.
The most common self-reference honorific is bænde. Its use as a polite and humble form is widespread in the speech of adult male members of the society regardless of their social status. It can also be found in informal correspondence. (In formal correspondence, inʤaneb, which literally means this side, is used).
Less widely used, hæqir and moxles have a stronger connotation of politeness and humility. There is no class distinction in the use of these two terms.
The least common of the above terms is ʧaker. It is usually associated with the speech of the working- class and uneducated people.
The use of the honorific terms illustrated above normally requires honorific verb phrases. Thus, as an example, when a power relationship exists, the polite form bænde xedmætetoon ærz kærdæm slave I made a request to you is used instead of the neutral form mæn goftæm I said to you or I told you. (For a detaile