Лингвистика

eled as pronouns as well as their noun phrase substitutes.

Self-Reference Terms
An interesting feature of the Persian pronominal system is the use of polite forms of address. The politeness system consists of two sets of terms: (a) self-lowering, and (b) other-raising. In other words, individuals in the Iranian society are expected, under normal circumstances, to show humility and humbleness when referring to themselves and to show respect to others when addressing them. This humility and respect is expressed by means of different honorific terms of address available to individual speakers. Ones choice of such terms is dependent upon factors such as age, social status, sex and the degree of intimacy or distance between participants in a speech event. (For more on politeness in Persian, see Beeman, 1986; Hodge, 1957; and Jahangiri, 1980. )
In a deictic situation in Persian, a speaker may self-designate either by the pronoun mæn I or by some noun substitutes. Before the revolution, there were specific terms which the speaker was expected to use in reference to self when talking to the former Shah of Iran and members of the Royal family, aristocrats, and high-ranking officials. These terms included nokær servant, ɤolam slave, ɤolame xanezad home-born slave, ʤan-nesar devoted, and ɤolame ʤan-nesar devoted servant. (2) Obviously, after the revolution these forms lost their sociosemantic context and disappeared from the pronominal system of Persian.
However, although the Islamic Revolution has emphasized and promoted equality among members of the society, people still use self-lowering forms in their speech in order to show their modesty and humility. The reason is that self-abasement has traditionally been considered a positive and admirable virtue i