a, done over a considerable period, usually 5 or 6 years. The overriding characteristic of a thesis is its length. It generally contains an extensive review of the literature, as well as the results of a number of experiments, all aimed at testing a unifying hypothesis. Some of the material may already have been published in a series of research papers during the course of the research.
Books and book chapters
The book chapter is a synthesis of knowledge and information about a particular subject. It rarely has a fundamental hypothesis. It is more likely to form one part of an overall contents list that, taken together, exhaustively describes a clearly defined aspect of one field of science.
Working papers
A working paper or technical report may be a preliminary report of a piece of research that is interesting, but suitable or intended for peer-reviewed publication. In many cases, a working paper can be developed later, with the addition of more material, into a scientific paper. Often authors may release working papers to share ideas about a topic or to elicit feedback before submitting to a peer-reviewed conference or academic journal.
Project proposals and reports
A project proposal represents the justification for a programme of work, with the aim of producing measurable outputs that will demonstrably reach a clearly defined objective. Like a research paper, it starts out with a hypothesis that has led to a proposed course of action and a programme of research designed to test the concept.
Websites
Most research institutions now have a website, where they present their most up-to-date or significant results, describe the institution and its programmes of research, and list its staff. Often there is a list of publications, with so
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